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The Gigawatt Problem
The real limit on the AI build-out isn't chips or real estate — it's electrons, and getting them reliably to racks that now drink as much power as a city block.

The gigawatt problem. Machines that run hotter than anything before them, and the shift from air to liquid to immersion to keep them alive.
This section is depth 03 — hall of the descent, expanded · 3 articles
The real limit on the AI build-out isn't chips or real estate — it's electrons, and getting them reliably to racks that now drink as much power as a city block.

AI's power density has finally broken air cooling's back — here's what operators are deploying instead, and why each option carries its own compromise.

The industry's favourite efficiency metric looks simple. AI is making it complicated.
